央行正回购和逆回购分别是什么意思

1. 央行正回购和逆回购分别是什么意思

一、央行正回购的意思：正回购为中国人民银行向一级交易商卖出有价证券，并约定在未来特定日期买回有价证券的交易行为，正回购为央行从市场收回流动性的操作，正回购到期则为央行向市场投放流动性的操作。
二、央行逆回购的意思：逆回购为中国人民银行向一级交易商购买有价证券，并约定在未来特定日期将有价证券卖给一级交易商的交易行为，逆回购为央行向市场上投放流动性的操作，逆回购到期则为央行从市场收回流动性的操作。

扩展资料：
一、央行正回购的流程：
1、债券质押入库。在交易界面选择“卖出（即提交质押券）”，输入质押代码，价格是自动显示的，一般是1。很多券商要求投资者必须到柜台办理债券质押入库、出库，而不能在网上操作（就像深市转债转股一样）。以上是沪市的入库方法，因深市没有质押代码也没有其他操作界面，故只能到柜台办理。
2、标准券的使用。债券质押入库后，系统就根据最新的折算率自动换成了标准券（账户上出现标准券一览，代码为888880）。可以用来质押的债券必须是1000张标准券的整数倍，故你有1050张和1800张都只能按1000张标准券融资10万元。多余的债券可以直接出库。
3、可回购日期。沪市，当日买入的债券当日可质押，当日可回购交易;深交所规定当日买入的债券当日可质押，但下一交易才可用于回购。
4、回购交易。在交易界面中，选择“买入”，输入代码比如沪市1日回购为204001；融资价格填你愿意融入资金的利率；可用资金一览不管显示什么都不影响操作。
最大可融也不用管（是系统计算股票时用的，一般显示为0），融资数量必须填1000的整数倍，比如有2500张标准券，那么你可以输入 1000或2000，表示愿意借入10万或20万元资金。交易完成后你的账户上就出现借入的现金，同时减少你的标准券数量。借入的资金就可买入其他证券也可以转出资金。
5、回购交易后的结算。做完回购后就要注意到期在你账户上准备足够的资金以备扣款（仍是自动扣款，而不用做任何操作）。比如1日回购，当天晚上10点以后标准券就回到账户上，同时可用资金减少借入的金额（如果原来资金已用完，那么就显示负数）。T+1日16：00前你的账户上要准备足够的扣款本金及利息以还掉借款。
6、质押债券出库（又称解除债券质押）。债券质押到期后（标志就是标准券回到了账户上）就可申请出库。方法与入库时相反，即在交易界面选择“买入（即转回质押券）”，输入质押代码和出库数量即可。
7、标准券与融入资金的关系。这两个是相互对应的就像买卖股票和手头现金的关系一样，是一个问题的两个方面。当标准券数量大于1000时，就可融入资金。融入后，标准券消失（实际上是质押给了登记结算公司）账户上可用资金增加。当质押到期标准券回来时，账户上可用现金减少相应数额。
二、央行逆回购的作用：
1、逆回购放量本身已表明市场资金紧缺。央行巨量逆回购意欲缓解短期流动性紧张。
2、逆回购利率已成为市场新的利率风向标。
3、各期限逆回购交替使用，令资金投放更加精准。
4、逆回购位列各类流动性工具之首。
5、央行逆回购的意思基本上算是存款准备金率下调的缩影，差距在于量大小的问题
参考资料来源：百度百科-央行回购
参考资料来源：百度百科-正回购
参考资料来源：百度百科-逆回购

2. 金融英语 翻译 在线等 急！！！！！！

通货紧缩凸显，发达国家经济政策迥异
2014年11月8日
发达国家的央行不再步调一致。当2007~08年金融危机爆发后，大部分央行都实施了明显宽松的货币政策。然而10月下旬，就在美联储停止其第三轮资产回购后，日本央行却加紧回购债券。这种分歧看起来不仅仅影响短期汇市，预计还会在中期造成巨大影响。
日本央行称，正在将其资产回购项目（即量化宽松政策，简称QE）从每年60~70万亿日元的规模扩充至每年80万亿日元（约合7万亿美元）的规模。日本央行意在防范通货紧缩，而这是困扰日本过去二十年之根本。东京股市对此消息反应热烈，激涨飘红；但经济方面最大的影响恐怕还是在汇率方面。宣布该消息的当天，日元对美元汇率应声下跌2%——按汇市标准而言属于相当大的变动——并于11月3日创日元对美元汇率七年来的新低。

3. 逆回购是什么意思？

财经小牛一家，为君解惑，普罗大众；宣企之品，耳熟能详；留国传承，造福于人。

4. 高分！请高手帮忙翻译10句，中译英，好的再追加悬赏

1, the "million" is the name of the currency, the Asian financial crisis, did not devalue the yuan as the West is expected rather more firmness than before. 

2、明年人民币的升值压力将会有所减少。2, the pressure on China to revalue the renminbi next year will be reduced. 外国投资的流入速度正在变得缓慢起来。The inflow of foreign investments is becoming slow speed up. 出口增长的减少将使中国贸易顺差缩小，其结果是中国的国际收支状况将肯定变坏。Export growth will reduce China's trade surplus narrowed, the result of China's international balance of payments situation will certainly deteriorate. 

3、商业银行的主要职能之一是为商品的生产与流通提供短期资金。3, a commercial bank and one of its major functions is to provide short-term capital goods production and circulation. 

4、在西方发达国家有两种财务报表是最基本的：一种是收入报表或盈亏报表，另一种是资产负债表。4, the Western countries have two : one is the most basic financial statements or profit and loss statements, income statements. Another is the balance sheet. 资产负债表列出了公司资产和负债的财务报表，能显示一个公司的经营状况和财务状况。The balance sheet presents the company's assets and liabilities in financial statements, will show a company's business condition and financial status. 

5、银行最重要的特征是，它能吸收存款和发放贷款，而一般非银行金融机构是不能这样做的。5, Bank of the most important features is that it can attract deposits and loans. and the general non-bank financial institutions are unable to do so. 

6、美国“格拉斯－斯蒂高尔法案”（Glass-Steagall Act)不允许美国商业银行从事投资银行业务。6. The United States, "Glass-Steagall Act" (Glass-Steagall Act), do not allow the United States commercial banks engaged in investment banking. 

7、虽然竞争日益激烈，但英美的投资银行仍能赚到很多的钱，这是为什么呢？7, although competition is becoming increasingly fierce, but the British and American investment banks can earn a lot of money, which is why? 有一种解释是：股票包销业务仍能依赖发行者与银行之间的密切关系，这使得竞争者很难挤进来。One explanation is this : The stock underwriting business can rely on the close relationship between the issuer and the banks. It is difficult to squeeze competitors to make. 

8、在英国有牵头包销者（lead underwriter），通常为投资银行来帮助安排股票发行事宜。8, the lead underwriter in the United Kingdom (lead underwriter). usually stock issue arranged for investment banks to help matters. 但在实施过程中，牵头包销者会充分重视分包销商（sub－unerwriters）以及机构投资者的作用。But in the process of its implementation, lead underwriters will pay full attention to sub-underwriters (sub-unerwriters) and the role of institutional investors. 

9、在美国付给股票包销者的费用是比较高的，部分原因是美国的高营销成本。9, stock underwriters in the United States to pay the cost is relatively high, partly because of the high marketing cost to the United States. 

10、大多数股票发行者为老字号的大企业。10, and most of the stocks were issued for the oldest name in large enterprises. 它们很少抱怨包销费用的多少。They seldom complain about the amount underwriters. 但从另一方面看，由于这些强有力的大客户，投资银行在其他服务领域，如兼并咨询费方面被迫减少了费用收入。From another perspective, as these big and powerful clients, investment banking services in other areas. being forced to reduce costs as merger advisory revenue. 
1, lowering the average age of the population, income growth to create favorable conditions for the development of the life insurance industry. 
2、美国国际保险集团是美国最大的商业和工业承保商，但它的运营收入的50％来自海外的经营。2, American International Insurance Group is the nation's largest commercial and industrial insurance business. but 50% of its operating income from overseas operations. 
3、共同保险是指由几家保险公司共同分担保险单中的风险。3, co-insurance is shared by several insurance companies, the insurance risk. 
4、债务保险是一种新的保险业务。4, debt insurance is a new business. 有人说，中国的保险公司还没有开展这种保险业务。Some people say that China's insurance companies have not carried out such insurance. 
5、债券与股票都是证券，但两者有区别。5, stocks and bonds are securities, but there is a distinction between them. 最本质的区别是：债券是债务凭证，而股票则是所有权的证明。Notes : The essential difference is the debt instruments, while the stock is evidence of title. 
6、股市分两种，一种叫“牛市”，指股票价格持续上扬的股票市场；另一种叫“熊市”，指股价不断下跌的股票市场。6, the stock market at the two, called a "bull market," referring to the stock market share prices continued to rise; Another is "bearish" referring to the falling stock market prices. 
7、成100股的股票交易称之为“整份购买”。7, the 100 shares of stock transactions called "the whole purchase." 少于100股的股票购买称之为“零星购买”。Less than 100 shares of stock as "sporadic buying." 零星购买时，“投资者”要交较高的费用。Sporadic buying, "investors" have to pay a higher fee. 
8、除付股票价格外，购买者还得向经济商行（brokerage firm）支付服务佣金，佣金一般是股票交易总价值的1－2％。8, the stock price was paid, economy buyers need to firms (brokerage firm) payment services commission The commission is generally 1-2% of the total value of stock transactions. 
9、造成泰国金融危机的原因不少，其中主要的有：严重的经常项目逆差、泰铢的过早自由兑换，以及短期外国投机资本流入过多。9, the Thai financial crisis caused by many reasons, chief of which are : the current account deficit. Premature free convertibility of the Thai baht and excessive short-term foreign speculative capital inflows. 
10、经济学中长期争论的一个问题是：固定汇率是否优于浮动汇率？10, the long-term economics is an issue of dispute : whether it is superior to a fixed exchange rate floating exchange rate? 对此问题作出过分简单的回答是不适当的，因为无论哪种汇率都是不完美的，它们都有自己的优点和缺点。The simple answer to this question is too much inappropriate, because no matter what the exchange rate is not perfect. They have their own advantages and disadvantages. 
1, the fixed rate or floating rate are not a substitute for sound macroeconomic policies. 这些政策显然包括货币政策和财政政策。Clearly these policies, including monetary policy and fiscal policy. 
2、由于最近泰国实施了一些极端的控制手段，泰国银行已不被允许向进行投机的外国投资者出售投资者出售其本国货币，外国投资者也不能再出售泰国股票换成泰铢。2, due to the recent implementation of the extreme means of control in Thailand. Bank of Thailand has not allowed foreign investors to sell speculative investors to sell their own currencies, Thailand could no longer sell shares to foreign investors into the Thai baht. 
3、联邦储备银行系统（简称“美联储”）是美国的中央银行，其职能是：政府的银行、银行的银行、发行的银行和执行货币政策。3, the Federal Reserve Bank System ( "Federal Reserve Board") is the Central Bank of the United States, whose function is : bank Bank of banks, issuing banks and the implementation of monetary policy. 
4、在美国有12格联邦储备区，每个区都设有一个联邦储备银行。4, 12 Georgia in the United States Federal Reserve districts, each have a Federal Reserve Bank. 为协调这12个联储银行的业务活动，在首都华盛顿建立了联邦储备委员会。This 12 Federal Reserve banks for the coordination of operational activities, the establishment of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington. 
5、公开市场操作涉及到对政府证券的买卖，政府证券包括短期国库券（treasury bills）和长期债券两种。5, the open market operation involving the sale of government securities. Treasuries, including short-term government securities (treasury bills) and two long-term bonds. 出售这些证券可以减少货币供应，而当购买这些证券时可以使利率下减，增加货币供应，从而加快经济发展。These securities may be sold to reduce the money supply and interest rates when buying these securities can be lowered under increasing money supply, in order to accelerate economic development. 
6、美联储除用贴现政策、存款准备金、公开市场业务这些传统的执行货币政策工具外，近几年来还越来越多地使用利率来调节货币供应量。6, in addition to the Federal Reserve discount policy, the deposit reserve requirement, the implementation of the open market operations of these traditional tools of monetary policy, In recent years also increasingly using interest rates to regulate money supply. 
7、银行破产经常让政府感到恐惧，因此不少国家的政府创立了存款保险计划，如成立存款保险公司。7, bankruptcy often let the banks fear the government, the governments of many countries are founded a deposit insurance scheme. If the establishment of Deposit Insurance Corporation. 这样做的目的是为了保护储户使他们免受因银行破产所带来的损害。Their purpose in doing so is to protect depositors and keep them from the damage caused by the insolvency of banks. 
8、呆帐、坏帐问题不能小看，这些问题会导致一连串银行破产的发生。8, so the problem of bad debts should not be underestimated, which will lead to a series of bank insolvencies from happening. 资本充足标准就是在此背景下产生的。Capital Adequacy Standards in the background. 该标准要求银行留出一定数量的钱以便在银行资产价值失去时保护存款人和债权人的利益。The standards require banks to set aside a certain amount of money in the bank to protect the value of the assets lost when the interests of depositors and creditors. 
9、一些借款人不付利息，甚至不能付还本金，这是商业面临的风险。9, some borrowers do not pay interest, not even on repayment of principal, which is the commercial risk. 为对付这种风险，按国际标准，银行必须至少留出相当其贷款组合价值的8％。To counter this risk, in accordance with international standards, banks are required to set aside at least 8% of the value of their loan portfolios quite. 世界上不少银行家认为此标准业已过时，一些银行管理者也觉得有关的国际资本充足规定必须现代化，以适应新的已改变了的形势。Many of the world's bankers that this standard has been outdated Some managers also feel that the international capital adequacy requirements must be modernized to meet the new situation has changed. 
10、银行提供的贷款有风险，但风险并不一致。10, the bank's lending risk, but risk is not unanimous. 对政府和金融机构的贷款风险肯定比向一般企业的贷款风险要小。Loans to the government and financial institutions to risk than the risk of loans to small businesses in general. 即使向企业的贷款风险也有差别。Even if there are differences in the risk of loans to enterprises. 对盈利甚丰的公司的贷款几乎没有风险，而向一个亏损企业的贷款风险则一定很大。HSBC profit for the company's credit almost no risk to the risk of loans is certainly a great loss.

5. 求翻译翻译翻译~！！

呵呵，楼主很吝啬啊，不给分的啊，我就当是学习了
 
总的来说，合同契约规范协调着供货商和零售商之间的行动，保证无论何时每个公司的利润与整个供应链的利润成仿射函数关系。实际上公司都是最终为了利润分红或者其他类似的东西。Jeuland和Shugan 在1983年提出了利润分红可以协调供应链，但是他们又没有提供一个明确如何来分红的合同。Caldentey 和Wein 在1999年提出，只有当每个公司收到一份确定的和本公司实际付出相符的分配比例，才能最终达成利润分红。在多个公司之间进行沟通协调的过程中，如果公司数目太多，这就需要建立一个管理机构来做协调。
这里有大量关于补偿交易合同的著作，Padmanabhan 和Png 在1995年描述了多种动机的退款制度，不过这不包括小摊贩的模式。供货商希望通过给零售商提供退货退款制度来保证零售商不要通过打折来处理最终剩余过多的存货积压，因为这样会削弱供货商的品牌影响力。例如，时装供货商会通过大的市场预算来提高他们产品的知名度，如果顾客发现你的时装在季末做打折促销，那就很难让消费者相信你的衣服是真正的流行时装。如果不这么做，供货商会希望通过接收退货来重新平衡零售商的库存压力。这里也有关于考虑存货如何在系统中再平衡的论文著作
(e.g., Lee, 1987; Tagaras and Cohen, 1992). Rudi, Kapur
and Pyke (2001) and Anupindi, Bassok and Zemel (2001) consider inventory rebalancing in
decentralized systems.

6. Repo105回购中的Repo全称怎么写？

Repo=Repurchase agreement 在购买协议/回购

7. 翻译一句话repurchase their shares at a price equal to the greater of:

以高于年度收益率25%的价格回收他们的股票

8. 急求英语翻译 谢谢各位了 有点多但是确实急需 有关经济的好像是 麻烦高手翻一下 谢谢

为你提供准确和正确的最佳手工译文。绝对可以放心。等待加分。

Local Interests
At the local level, governments set up 8,000 state-owned investment companies in 2009 alone to channel government dollars into business and industrial ventures, Mr. Huang said. One example suffices: a private Chinese automaker, Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, made worldwide headlines in March when it agreed to buy Sweden's Volvo marque from Ford. Much of the $1.5 billion pur-chase price came not from Geely's relatively modest profits, but from local governments in northeast China and the Shanghai area.
地方利益
黄先生说，在地方一级，政府仅在2009年就成立了8000家国有投资公司，将政府手中的美元引到工商企业。一个例子就足以说明：中国的一家私人汽车制造商浙江吉利控股集团在3月成为全球头条新闻—它已同意同从福特汽车公司手中购买瑞典的沃尔沃品牌。 15亿美元的购买价大多数不是来自吉利相对不高的利润，而是来自中国东北和上海地区的地方政府。

Geely reciprocated this month, announcing that it will build its Volvo headquarters and an assembly plant in a Shanghai industrial district.
The reasons for the state's push for greater in-volvement in business vary. State control of energy supplies is crucial to China's growth, and the Shanxi coal takeovers will increase production, guarantee fuel to some state-owned utilities and give Beijing new power to control coal prices. State mining companies also argue that they have a superior safety record to their accident-prone private competitors.
But in other areas the state looks more mercenary.
吉利本月投桃报李，宣布将在上海一个工业区建立其沃尔沃总部和组装厂。
国家推动更多参加企业运作的原因各异。国家对能源供应的控制对中国的增长是至关重要的，而山西煤炭的并购将增加生产，保证一些国有发电厂的燃料，并给予北京控制煤炭价格的新权力。国营采矿公司也提出，跟事故频仍的私人竞争者相比，他们的安全记录是很好的。
但在其他地区，国家显得更加唯利是图。

Take telecommunications. Upon joining the World Trade Organization, China committed itself to opening its communications market to foreign joint ventures for local and international phone service, e-mail, paging and other businesses. But after eight years, no licenses have been granted -- largely, the United States says, because capital requirements, regulatory hurdles and other barriers have made such ventures impractical. Today, basic telecommunications in China are booming, and are virtually 100 percent state-controlled.
以电信业为例。在加入世界贸易组织的时候，中国信誓旦旦承诺要其电信市场中的地方和国际电话服务、电子邮件、寻呼服务等业务通过合资企业形式向外国开放。但八年以后，没有发予任何许可证—美国说，在很大程度上，是因为对资本的要求、监管障碍和其他壁垒是建立这种企业成为不切实际。今天，中国的基础电信业务在蓬勃发展，而且几乎是百分之百由国家控制。

Take the passenger airline industry. Six years ago, the central government invited private investors to enter the business. By 2006, eight private carriers had sprung up to challenge the three state-controlled majors, Air China, China Southern and China Eastern.
The state airlines immediately began a price war. The state-owned monopoly that provided jet fuel refused to service private carriers on the same generous terms given the big three. China's only computerized reservation system -- currently one-third owned by the three state airlines -- re-fused to book flights for private competitors. And when mismanagement and the 2008 economic crisis drove the three majors into financial straits, the central government bought stock to bail them out: about $1 billion for China Eastern; $430 mil-lion for China Southern; $220 million for Air China.
以航空客运业为例。六年前，中央政府邀请私人投资者进入这项业务。到了2006年，八家私人航空公司涌现出来，要挑战国家控制的三大头：国航、南航和东航。
国有航空公司立即开始了价格战。提供喷气机燃油的国有垄断公司拒绝按给三大航空公司的优惠条件来为私人航空公司提供服务。目前三分之一由三家国有航空公司拥有的中国唯一的电脑预订系统拒绝为私营竞争公司订票-。而当管理不善和2008年经济危机将三大公司逼入经济困境时，中央政府购买其股票，帮助它们摆脱困境：为东航购买了约10亿美元，南航 4.3亿美元，国航2.2亿美元。