求一篇英文论文的全文

1. 求一篇英文论文的全文

英语-ly副词与其同源副词的用法比较 
英语中有一些表示方式、 程度的副词具有两种形式。 如late，lately； high，highly；slow，showly等 等。在这些词当中，两种不同形式所表达的含 义有的完全不同，有的很相似，而有的却完全一致。这就给人们 使用这些词时 带来一定的麻烦。特别是在学生中间，总免不了使用时的混淆。笔者想就此问题 分类作一点探讨 。

（一）本类词有hard，hardly；late，lately；most，mostly等等，这两 种副词形式含义完全不同，所以 ，使用时不易引起混淆。

1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。

He hardly works at all.他很少干活。

2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。

Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗？

3.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最 多的人常常干得最少。

The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。

4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ，而是绕道上海。

He will be here directly.他马上就来。

5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。

Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。

6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。

He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。

7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。

Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很 漂亮。

（二）这类词主要有wide，widely；close， closely ；high，highly等 等，这两种副词形式不同，含义 也有差别，但是没有第一类的区别明显，而且 翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的 主要特点是：不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作，说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性；而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。 这时，这些词大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含义。试作如下比较：

1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞 着？

The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。

We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。

3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付 很高的价钱。

You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。

4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。

The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。

5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。

He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。

6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。 

You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。

7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。

The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘 客。

8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。

Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。

（三）这类词主要有slow，slowly；quick，quickly等等异形同义词。当 然，现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词，但由于句子 结构以及搭配的不同，使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此，主要 探讨一下在什 么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时， 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则 的词也包括进去。 总的说来，倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列 四种：
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时：

1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快，但乔治走得更快 。

2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着，但 是警察喊叫得更响。 

3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢，最后停了下 来。

4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。

5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问

题。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修饰时： 

1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如 此之快以致于我手足无措无

法 对付了。

2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶 上他了，你的车太慢了。

3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话，孩子 已经睡了。 

Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时： 

1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快来，我们在等你。

2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点，这段 路很危险。

3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。 

4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时，正下着大雪，刮着寒风。

5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。

Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时：

1.Take it easy.不要紧张。 

2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。

3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。

4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书 把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。

5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城 堡中痛饮到深夜。

通过观察，以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词，在 判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则：第一是具体性与抽象 性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时， 常使用不带-ly的副词形式，如：climb high，live close by，open wide，sink deep，tu rn sharp right；反之，具有抽象含义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词， 如：think highly of，look closely into，love dearly等等。第二个原则就是常用固定搭配与灵活搭配的不同。 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用 的词组中，不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多， 如aim high，run high，fight fair，goeasy with，drink de ep，sleep sound 等等。第三个原则是口语体与标准体的使用区别。如有人说"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人说"Speak loud and clear."对此情况难说谁对谁错，只能 说前一种说法属于规范性语体；而后一种 说法属于口语体。不带-ly 的简单形 式是早期英语遗留下来的口语体形式。例如现在还有人说"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英语句法〉（Syntax）一书中说过的，带-ly 的副词是标准语或 好的口语， 但在松散的口语和大众语中人们仍然坚持使用没 有-ly的简单形式。

根据以上原则，可以解释为什么可以说"Don't talk so loud. "但必须说 "He protested／complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式，而且talk一词的形象也比较具 体；protest与complain 则是搭配性 很强的词， 还常常和许多别的副词灵活 搭配， 如publicly，sharply，secretly等等。另外，这两个词比talk更具 感情色彩，所以也就更具抽象性。

2. 求一篇英文论文全文

英语-ly副词与其同源副词的用法比较 
英语中有一些表示方式、 程度的副词具有两种形式。 如late，lately； high，highly；slow，showly等 等。在这些词当中，两种不同形式所表达的含 义有的完全不同，有的很相似，而有的却完全一致。这就给人们 使用这些词时 带来一定的麻烦。特别是在学生中间，总免不了使用时的混淆。笔者想就此问题 分类作一点探讨 。

（一）本类词有hard，hardly；late，lately；most，mostly等等，这两 种副词形式含义完全不同，所以 ，使用时不易引起混淆。

1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。

He hardly works at all.他很少干活。

2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。

Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗？

3.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最 多的人常常干得最少。

The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。

4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ，而是绕道上海。

He will be here directly.他马上就来。

5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。

Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。

6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。

He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。

7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。

Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很 漂亮。

（二）这类词主要有wide，widely；close， closely ；high，highly等 等，这两种副词形式不同，含义 也有差别，但是没有第一类的区别明显，而且 翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的 主要特点是：不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作，说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性；而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。 这时，这些词大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含义。试作如下比较：

1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞 着？

The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。

We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。

3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付 很高的价钱。

You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。

4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。

The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。

5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。

He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。

6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。 

You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。

7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。

The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘 客。

8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。

Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。

（三）这类词主要有slow，slowly；quick，quickly等等异形同义词。当 然，现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词，但由于句子 结构以及搭配的不同，使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此，主要 探讨一下在什 么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时， 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则 的词也包括进去。 总的说来，倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列 四种：
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时：

1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快，但乔治走得更快 。

2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着，但 是警察喊叫得更响。 

3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢，最后停了下 来。

4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。

5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问

题。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修饰时： 

1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如 此之快以致于我手足无措无

法 对付了。

2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶 上他了，你的车太慢了。

3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话，孩子 已经睡了。 

Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时： 

1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快来，我们在等你。

2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点，这段 路很危险。

3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。 

4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时，正下着大雪，刮着寒风。

5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。

Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时：

1.Take it easy.不要紧张。 

2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。

3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。

4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书 把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。

5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城 堡中痛饮到深夜。

通过观察，以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词，在 判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则：第一是具体性与抽象 性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时， 常使用不带-ly的副词形式，如：climb high，live close by，open wide，sink deep，tu rn sharp right；反之，具有抽象含义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词， 如：think highly of，look closely into，love dearly等等。第二个原则就是常用固定搭配与灵活搭配的不同。 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用 的词组中，不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多， 如aim high，run high，fight fair，goeasy with，drink de ep，sleep sound 等等。第三个原则是口语体与标准体的使用区别。如有人说"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人说"Speak loud and clear."对此情况难说谁对谁错，只能 说前一种说法属于规范性语体；而后一种 说法属于口语体。不带-ly 的简单形 式是早期英语遗留下来的口语体形式。例如现在还有人说"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英语句法〉（Syntax）一书中说过的，带-ly 的副词是标准语或 好的口语， 但在松散的口语和大众语中人们仍然坚持使用没 有-ly的简单形式。

根据以上原则，可以解释为什么可以说"Don't talk so loud. "但必须说 "He protested／complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式，而且talk一词的形象也比较具 体；protest与complain 则是搭配性 很强的词， 还常常和许多别的副词灵活 搭配， 如publicly，sharply，secretly等等。另外，这两个词比talk更具 感情色彩，所以也就更具抽象性。

3. 求论文摘要的英文版

Abstract: the party's sixteen major report clearly the society more harmonious column for the comprehensive construction well-off society is an important goal of. Plenary session of the sixteen Central Committee further proposed constructing the socialism harmonious society the job, emphasize the formation of all people do their best, play their proper role and the social harmony is the consolidation of the party's social foundation, is the realization of the party the inevitable requirement of the historical task. The report of the Seventeenth National Congress was to put forward more older " medical, security" and other security problems, but also stressed the need to " strengthen the aging work ". China has entered the aging society, how to make the old people's rights can be realized, as the construction of a harmonious society is an important task.

4. 求英文论文。

　　Major Themes
　　Painful Experience vs. Numbness

　　Perhaps the greatest theme of the novel involves the relationship between the pain of actual experience and feeling one's feelings, on the one hand, and on the other hand the equally devastating numbness that comes with shutting down one's emotions in order to avoid suffering. After the death of Allie, Holden essentially shuts down, forcing himself to lose all attachments to people so as never to be hurt again. He repeatedly mentions how important it is not to get attached to anyone, since this will lead to missing them once they are gone. By the end of the novel, he has spiraled so far down with this theory that he has become afraid to even speak to anyone. Phoebe is perhaps the only reminder that Holden still has the capacity to love. When he looks at her, he cannot help but feel the same tortured love that he felt for Allie. Nevertheless, the surges of these feelings leave him even more bereft. He knows he must leave Phoebe to protect himself, but when she shows up to accompany him on his journey, ultimately he puts his love for her first and sacrifices his own instinct to flee in order to return home.

　　Holden, it seems, is in the throes of an existential crisis. To a great degree he is numb to the pains and joys of life. Unable to come to terms with his brother's death, he has no one to show him the kind of parental or brotherly love that he himself gave Allie. Whenever someone does end up showing him even a hint of such love (such as Mr. Antolini), Holden ends up being disappointed.

　　Love and Sex

　　At his core, Holden is a deep, sensitive soul, at bottom unable to sublimate his feelings into numbness. He envies someone like Stradlater, who can simply pick up girls whenever he likes, and who treats sex as a casual pleasure. To Holden, however, sex is deeply discomforting. He cannot have it with girls he likes, and he cannot manage to numb himself enough to treat girls casually. Numbing himself to love, it seems, is Holden's greatest challenge. He feels too deeply about the world, about people, to truly shut down. When he finally does fall in love with Jane Gallagher, he soon discovers that Stradlater has a date with her, which confirms his suspicion that everything he loves eventually deteriorates. He leaves Pencey with some hope of inventing a new identity, but he cannot break out of his being. Even in the presence of a prostitute, he cannot think of having sex, only of having a conversation in the hope of feeling some glimmer of human affection with her. All Holden wants to do is talk, but he cannot find someone who will listen.
　　Loss of Innocence

　　Holden must face that fork in the road of adolescence when one realizes that maturity entails a loss of innocence—that greater knowledge of oneself and others and the circumstances all comes with a price. In Holden's case, he cannot bear to accept the death of Allie, the death of pure innocence that had no good reason to suffer or die. In Holden's eyes, Allie is truth, while everyone else is “phony.” Innocence goes with idealism and a certain inability or unwillingness to bear and accept the harsher reality. Holden cannot bear to hold onto his innocence because innocence brings its own harms; people continue to disappoint him. Thus the cost of maturity is much less; innocence has been quite painful, too. Innocence has been problematic: the prostitute demands more money for nothing, the man who takes him in seems like a pedophile, and the cab drivers berate him as stupid when he asks simple questions about the birds in the park. While Allie’s memory can help him preserve his innocence, this is not enough, for he cannot find real love in the outside world.

　　Besides, losing Allie has brought tremendous pain. Holden also has the common adolescent experience of perceiving that time in school learning mundane lessons feels petty when his entire soul is in flux as it comes to grips with reality. When the entire world around him appears phony, where can he go to grasp hold of some reality, some stable truth? Without an explanation why Allie was taken from him, there appears no reason behind the world's events, and in this respect Holden’s maturity involves a deep loss of innocence such that he perceives that the reality of the world is its very irrationality.

　　Phoniness vs. Authenticity

　　Holden labels almost everyone a “phony,” excepting Phoebe, Allie, and himself. In Holden's eyes, a “phony” is someone who embraces the world’s mundane demands and tries to make something out of nothing—that is, just about everyone who studies in school or who puts on airs in order to do a job or achieve a goal. The fact that no one is acknowledging how trivial and fleeting life is, compared with the grand things we tell one another about reality—how difficult it is to truly love and share oneself with people knowing that all, like Allie, will eventually die—causes him to burn with frustration, even rage. Holden understands on some level one of the most profound truths of mortal life: the superficial matters little because it will not last, yet it is made to seem so much more important. Meanwhile, all around him, he must watch superficial people win honors through their artifice. He thus holds his deepest contempt for those who succeed as phonies: Stradlater, the Headmaster, and all the boys who treat school as if it is a club to be ruled by Social Darwinism. All Holden wants is some authentic living, to hold on to someone like Phoebe or Allie who knows nothing of the world’s superficiality and therefore is not tainted by it, but he is afraid to make it too real out of the justified fear of one day losing them forever.
　　Life and Death

　　A key part of Holden’s emotional life involves his reaction to Allie’s death. People live for a while, but all too soon we all die. Allie did not choose it, but Holden thinks about James Castle, a skinny boy who jumped out the window at school and fell to his death. Holden himself entertains thoughts of a similar suicide. The decision to numb himself to his feelings about life is a decision to shut himself down emotionally so much that he is no longer truly living. It is a decision, however, that remains fundamentally impossible for Holden. When he thinks about James Castle, he cannot bear to imagine James just laying there amidst the stone and blood, with no one picking him up.

　　Holden might see some romance in suicide and some comfort in the idea that it ends internal pain, but death does seem worse, the ultimate loneliness. He seen the effects of death on the living as well. He thus cannot do to Phoebe what Allie has done to them already.

　　He plods on, only sure that he must gradually wean himself away from Phoebe so that she gets used to losing him forever--and so that he gets used to being away from her. Though Holden needs closeness and love in order to renew his life, he keeps driving himself further away from it in order to avoid the inevitable loss. The more he wants to experience life, the more antisocial he becomes and the more he imagines death. This paradox is part of Holden’s life: there is pain in shutting down one's feelings, and there is pain in the risk of opening oneself up again. He impossibly tries to avoid pains that are inevitable for human mortals while they live.

　　Lack of Authority Figures

　　Holden is profoundly alone. His parents are absent except for insisting that he progress along a conventional path and stay in school as long as he can before he is kicked out or tires of each institution. His parents do not let him regroup but send him off to the next school. At Pencey, Holden finds no adult to trust with his feelings; most people everywhere are phony. Some adults even seem so selfish that they are willing to abuse children. Overall, Holden views adults with intense disappointment, even cynicism. How is it that the older they get, the farther from authenticity they get? Meanwhile, the gradual deterioration of the body disgusts him. Upon visiting an old professor, much of his thoughts are dedicated to the awfulness of the old man's body. There is no allure in growing older.

　　Authority does not seem related to wisdom, either. Adults tell Holden to find direction and thus stability, but he views such advice as both suspicious and na?ve; playing such a game is inauthentic. Going his own way autonomously, as a law unto himself, does not work out so well either, so it is unclear where Holden might find legitimate authority.

　　Loneliness

　　Holden is very lonely, and his adolescent loneliness seems to run much deeper than the feelings so commonly felt at that age. He admits to his loneliness openly, and it gives him evidence that perhaps he might still have some emotions left. At the same time, Holden takes few steps to mitigate his loneliness. Whenever he feels the urge to meet someone, to call up a girl, to have a social experience, he ends up sabotaging it before he can get hurt. He thus protects himself so fully that he effectively shuts off any possibilities of alleviating his own loneliness. He might want to call Jane, for example, but he hangs up before she gets on the phone. He might want to sleep with a prostitute to feel human comfort, but this will not do. He might want to interact with friends at a bar, but he ends up saying something hurtful so that they abandon him. Pushing them away provides a deeper and deeper loneliness, but at these moments of choice he is willing to endure it rather than eventually face the ultimate, devastating loneliness of losing another person like Allie.

5. 急搜一篇英文版英语语言学论文！

1. We'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our study. To develop interest in English study is not very hard. We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English, talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' interpreters. 

　　在英语学习之初,我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣.培养对英语的兴趣并不难.当我们可以说点儿简单的英语,用英语与别人或与老外交谈,或作别人的翻译时,我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感,这样,兴趣就培养起来了.请注意,这种满足感和成就感很重要! 

　　2. Plans are always very essential, so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before study. And we should certainly carry out these plans to the letter. 

　　制定英语学习计划太重要了,所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划. 并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划.请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事,那等于在浪费生命. 

　　3. Notes should be made whenever we study any book. We may follow this advice: Don't read book without making notes. As we know that notes are the summarization, the core content, our understanding and the abbreviations of the books. Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read them. We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier, to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of memory. Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive, visual and concise. 

　　无论学习什么,我们都要作笔记.我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书.如您所知,笔记是我们对所学课本的总结,中心内容,我们的理解和课本的缩略.笔记要比课本薄的多,我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们.更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音,这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担. 

　　4. Watching English movies, English TV programs, listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our memory. 

　　看英文电影,收看英语电视节目,听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式,因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆. 

　　5. Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words. 

　　请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深. 

　　6. If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects. 

　　如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识. 

　　7. Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed. 

　　优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好, 可适当削弱这方面的要求. 
   
　 
　　Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具体方法) 

　　1. Oral English:(口语学习) 

　　A. We study spoken English so as to make oral communications, so this order of importance of oral English study should be followed: Fluency, Accuracy, and Appropriateness. That is to say, we have to pay more attention to practical communicating ability instead of only laying emphasis on the grammatical correctness. 

　　我们学习口语目的是为了与别人进行交流,所以英语口语中的几个要素的重要次序应为:流利-准确-恰当. 

　　B. Try to find some partners practicing oral English together and English corner is a good place as where we may exchange English study experience, widen our sight and improve interest in English. 

　　努力寻找学伴一起练习口语.英语角是个不错的地方,在那我们不但可以练习口语,还可以交流英语学习经验,开拓视野,提高英语学习兴趣. 

　　C. If English partners are not easy to get, then we have to create an English environment ourselves by speaking English to ourselves. 

　　如果找不到学伴或参加英语角的机会很少,那么就需要通过自己对自己将英语来创造英语环境.比如对自己描述所看到的景物,英语口述自己正在作的事情. 

　　D. This method is very effective and easy to insist on--interpreting Chinese-English novels or books. First we read the Chinese parts and then try to interpret them into English and then compare our interpretation with the original versions in the novels or books so that we can find out the mistakes, shortcomings and progresses in our interpretation. 

　　这种方法非常有效且很容易坚持---口译汉英对照(或英汉对照)的小说或其它读物.首先我们先读汉语部分,然后逐句直接口译成英文,完成一小段后,去看书上的对应英文部分并与我们的口译进行比较,我们马上可以发现我们口译的错误,缺点和进步.

6. 急求一篇英文文献

参考文献可以在百度学术中找到。
 
毕业论文参考文献规范格式

　　一、参考文献的类型
　　参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
　　M——专著         C——论文集       N——报纸文章
　　J——期刊文章      D——学位论文     R——报告
　　对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
　　对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
　　①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；
　　②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
　　二、参考文献的格式及举例
　　1.期刊类
[格式][序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.
[举例]
　　[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
　　[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
　　[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
　　2.专著类
[格式][序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
[举例][4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
　　[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
　　3.报纸类
[格式][序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.
[举例]
　　[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
　　[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
　　4.论文集
[格式][序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
[举例]
　　[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
　　[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.
　　[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
　　5.学位论文
[格式][序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
[举例]
　　[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
　　6.研究报告
[格式][序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
[举例]
　　[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
　　7.条例
[格式][序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
[举例][15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
　　8.译著
[格式][序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
　　三、注释
　　注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
　　四、参考文献
　　参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。
求采纳为满意回答。

7. 求一篇英文论文全文，带翻译，，谢谢了

英语-ly副词与其同源副词的用法比较 
英语中有一些表示方式、 程度的副词具有两种形式。 如late，lately； high，highly；slow，showly等 等。在这些词当中，两种不同形式所表达的含 义有的完全不同，有的很相似，而有的却完全一致。这就给人们 使用这些词时 带来一定的麻烦。特别是在学生中间，总免不了使用时的混淆。笔者想就此问题 分类作一点探讨 。

（一）本类词有hard，hardly；late，lately；most，mostly等等，这两 种副词形式含义完全不同，所以 ，使用时不易引起混淆。

1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。

He hardly works at all.他很少干活。

2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。

Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗？

3.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最 多的人常常干得最少。

The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。

4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ，而是绕道上海。

He will be here directly.他马上就来。

5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。

Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。

6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。

He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。

7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。

Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很 漂亮。

（二）这类词主要有wide，widely；close， closely ；high，highly等 等，这两种副词形式不同，含义 也有差别，但是没有第一类的区别明显，而且 翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的 主要特点是：不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作，说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性；而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。 这时，这些词大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含义。试作如下比较：

1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞 着？

The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。

We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。

3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付 很高的价钱。

You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。

4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。

The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。

5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。

He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。

6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。 

You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。

7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。

The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘 客。

8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。

Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。

（三）这类词主要有slow，slowly；quick，quickly等等异形同义词。当 然，现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词，但由于句子 结构以及搭配的不同，使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此，主要 探讨一下在什 么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时， 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则 的词也包括进去。 总的说来，倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列 四种：
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时：

1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快，但乔治走得更快 。

2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着，但 是警察喊叫得更响。 

3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢，最后停了下 来。

4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。

5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问

题。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修饰时： 

1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如 此之快以致于我手足无措无

法 对付了。

2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶 上他了，你的车太慢了。

3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话，孩子 已经睡了。 

Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时： 

1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快来，我们在等你。

2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点，这段 路很危险。

3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。 

4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时，正下着大雪，刮着寒风。

5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。

Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时：

1.Take it easy.不要紧张。 

2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。

3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。

4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书 把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。

5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城 堡中痛饮到深夜。

通过观察，以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词，在 判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则：第一是具体性与抽象 性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时， 常使用不带-ly的副词形式，如：climb high，live close by，open wide，sink deep，tu rn sharp right；反之，具有抽象含义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词， 如：think highly of，look closely into，love dearly等等。第二个原则就是常用固定搭配与灵活搭配的不同。 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用 的词组中，不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多， 如aim high，run high，fight fair，goeasy with，drink de ep，sleep sound 等等。第三个原则是口语体与标准体的使用区别。如有人说"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人说"Speak loud and clear."对此情况难说谁对谁错，只能 说前一种说法属于规范性语体；而后一种 说法属于口语体。不带-ly 的简单形 式是早期英语遗留下来的口语体形式。例如现在还有人说"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英语句法〉（Syntax）一书中说过的，带-ly 的副词是标准语或 好的口语， 但在松散的口语和大众语中人们仍然坚持使用没 有-ly的简单形式。

根据以上原则，可以解释为什么可以说"Don't talk so loud. "但必须说 "He protested／complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式，而且talk一词的形象也比较具 体；protest与complain 则是搭配性 很强的词， 还常常和许多别的副词灵活 搭配， 如publicly，sharply，secretly等等。另外，这两个词比talk更具 感情色彩，所以也就更具抽象性。

8. 要写毕业论文的外文翻译，谁能帮我下载份纯英文文献

注射成型机
 
 
    
注射成型机是塑料机械的一种，
简称注射机或注塑机，
是将热塑性塑料或热固性料利用
塑料成型模具制成各种形状的塑料制品的主要成型设备。
注射成型是通过注塑机和模具来实
现的。
 
类型
  
注射成型机的类型有
:
立式、卧式、全电式，但是无论那种注塑机，其基本功能
有两个（
1
）加热塑料，使其达到熔化状态（
2
）对熔融塑料施加高压，使其射出而充
满模具型腔。
  
工作原理和模式
 
 
 
注射成型机的工作原理与打针用的注射器相似，
它是借助螺杆
（或柱塞）
的推力，
将已塑化好的熔融状态（即粘流态）的塑料注射入闭合好的模腔内，经固化定型后取
得制品的工艺过程。注射成型是一个循环的过程，每一周期主要包括：定量加料—熔
融塑化—施压注射—充模冷却—启模取件。取出塑件后又再闭模，进行下一个循环。
  
 
注射成型机操作项目：注塑机操作项目包括控制键盘操作、电器控制系统操作和液压
系统操作三个方面。分别进行注射过程动作、加料动作、注射压力、注射速度、顶出
型式的选择，料筒各段温度的监控，注射压力和背压压力的调节等。一般螺杆式注塑
机的成型工艺过程是：首先将粒状或粉状塑料加入机筒内，并通过螺杆的旋转和机筒
外壁加热使塑料成为熔融状态，然后机器进行合模和注射座前移，使喷嘴贴紧模具的
浇口道，接着向注射缸通人压力油，使螺杆向前推进，从而以很高的压力和较快的速
度将熔料注入温度较低的闭合模具内，经过一定时间和压力保持（又称保压）
、冷却，
使其固化成型，便可开模取出制品（保压的目的是防止模腔中熔料的反流、向模腔内
补充物料，以及保证制品具有一定的密度和尺寸公差）
。注射成型的基本要求是塑化、
注射和成型。塑化是实现和保证成型制品质量的前提，而为满足成型的要求，注射必
须保证有足够的压力和速度。同时，由于注射压力很高，相应地在模腔中产生很高的
压力（模腔内的平均压力一般在
20~45MPa
之间）
，因此必须有足够大的合模力。由此
可见，注射装置和合模装置是注塑机的关键部件。
  
 
对塑料制品的评价主要有三
个方面，第一是外观质量，包括完整性、颜色、光泽等；第二是尺寸和相对位置间的
准确性；第三是与用途相应的物理性能、化学性能、电性能等。这些质量要求又根据
制品使用场合的不同，要求的尺度也不同。制品的缺陷主要在于模具的设计、制造精
度和磨损程度等方面。但事实上，塑料加工厂的技术人员往往苦于面对用工艺手段来
弥补模具缺陷带来的问题而成效不大的困难局面。
  
 
生产过程中工艺的调节是提
高制品质量和产量的必要途径。由于注塑周期本身很短，如果工艺条件掌握不好
,
废
品就会源源不绝。在调整工艺时最好一次只改变一个条件，多观察几回，如果压力、
温度、时间统统一起调的话，很易造成混乱和误解，出了问题也不知道是何道理。调
整工艺的措施、手段是多方面的。例如：解决制品注不满的问题就有十多个可能的解
决途径，要选择出解决问题症结的一、二个主要方案，才能真正解决问题。此外，还
 
 
3 
应注意解决方案中的辨证关系。比如：制品出现了凹陷，有时要提高料温，有时要降
低料温；有时要增加料量，有时要减少料量。要承认逆向措施的解决问题的可行性。
 
分类及特点
 
注射成型机按照注射装置和锁模装置的排列方式，可分为立式、卧式和立卧复合
式。其各自的特点如下：
（一）立式注塑机的特点：
1
、注射装置和锁模装置処于同一
垂直中心线上，且模具是沿上下方向开闭。其占地面积只有卧式机的约一半，因此，
换算成占地面积生产性约有二倍左右。
2
、容易实现嵌件成型。因为模具表面朝上，
嵌件放入定位容易。采用下模板固定、上模板可动的机种，拉带输送装置与机械手相
组合的话，可容易地实现全自动嵌件成型。
3
、模具的重量由水平模板支承作上下开
闭动作，
不会发生类似卧式机的由于模具重力引起的前倒，
使得模板无法开闭的现象。
有利于持久性保持机械和模具的精度。
4
、通过简单的机械手可取出各个塑件型腔，
有利于精密成型。
5
、一般锁模装置周围为开开放式，容易配置各类自动化装置，适
应于复杂、精巧产品的自动成型。
6
、拉带输输送装置容易实现串过模具中间安装，
便于实现成型自动生产。
7
、容易保证模具内树脂流动性及模具温度分布的一致性。
  
 
8
、配备有旋转台面、移动台面及倾斜台面等形式，容易实现嵌件成型、模内组合成
型。
9
、小批量试生产时，模具构造简单成本低，且便于卸装。
10
、经受了多次地震
的考验，立式机由于重心低，相对卧式机抗震性更好。
 
（二）卧式注塑机的特点：
  
 
1
、
即是大型机由于机身低，
对于安置的厂房无高度限制。
2
、
产品可自动落下的场合，
不需使用机械手也可实现自动成型。
3
、由于机身低，供料方便，检修容易。
4
、模具
需通过吊车安装。
5
、多台并列排列下，成型品容易由输送带收集包装。
  
用途和现状
 
 
 
注射成型机具有能一次成型外型复杂、
尺寸精确或带有金属嵌件的质地密致的塑
料制品，被广泛应用于国防、机电、汽车、交通运输、建材、包装、农业、文教卫生
及人们日常生活各个领域。
  
 
我国塑料加工企业星罗其布，遍布全国各地，设备
的技术水平参差不齐，大多数加工企业的设备都需要技术改造。这几年来，我国塑机
行业的技术进步十分显著，尤其是注塑机的技术水平与国外名牌产品的差距大大缩
小，在控制水平、产品内部质量和外观造型等方面均取得显著改观。选择国产设备，
以较小的投入，同样也能生产出与进口设备质量相当的产品。这些为企业的技术改造
创造了条件。
  
 
六、我国注射成型机的发展现状
  
 
目前中国生产注塑机的厂家
较多，据不完全统计已超过
60
家。注塑机的结构形式有立式和卧式两种。按生产出的
制品可分为普通型和精密型注塑机。一次注射量
45-51000g
；锁模力
200-36000kN
；加
工原料有热固性塑料、热塑性塑料和橡胶三种。热塑性塑料包括聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、
聚丙烯、尼龙、聚氨酯、聚碳酸酯、有机玻璃、聚砜及
(
丙烯腈
/
丁二烯
/
苯乙烯
)
共聚
物
(ABS)
等。从加工出的制品来看，有单色、双色的一般和精密塑料制品。上述产品
的主要生产厂家都有自己的系列，各有自己的特点。如广东震德塑料机械厂有限公司
生产的捷霸
CJ
系列注塑机每一种规格均有数控和电脑控制两种形式。又如浙江省宁
 
 
4 
波海天机械有限公司生产的
HTF80X-HFT3600X
型系列注塑机，
可用于生产各种高精密
的热性塑料制品，机器采用线型移动传感器控制注射、合模、顶出，采用多重
CPU
电
控系统、大幅面彩色
LED
显示、全电脑自动控制。
  
 
普通卧式注塑机仍是注塑机
发展的主导方向，
其基本结构几乎没有大的变化，
除了继续提高其控制及自动化水平、
降低能耗外，生产厂家根据市场的变化正在向组合系列化方向发展，如同一型号的注
塑机配置大、中、小三种注射装置，组合成标准型和组合型，增加了灵活性，扩大了
使用范围，提高了经济效益。
?  
 
近几年来，世界上工业发达国家的注塑机生产厂
家都在不断提高普通注塑机的功能、质量、辅助设备的配套能力，以及自动化水平。
同时大力开发、发展大型注塑机、专用注塑机、反应注塑机和精密注塑机，以满足生
产塑料合金、磁性塑料、带嵌件的塑料制品的需求。
  
 
注塑机是目前中国塑料机
械中发展速度最快、水平与工业发达国家差距较小的塑机品种之一。但主要指普通型
注塑机，在特大型、各种特殊、专用、精密注塑机的多数品种方面，有的产品尚属空
白，这是与工业发达国家的主要差距。