求一篇关于上市公司财务危机方面的英文文章

1. 求一篇关于上市公司财务危机方面的英文文章

Hitachi posts historic loss for Japan日立公告称历史性亏损In the Land of the Rising Sun, the fiscal year is setting in a sea of red.在旭日之国(指日本)，财政年度的报告全面飘红。Mount Fuji glows red in the sunset, much like the year-end results of Japanese manufacturers.富士山在夕阳中发出彤红的暖色，像极了日本制造业的年终绩效。Electronics makers Hitachi and NEC Corp., and carmaker Nissan all ended the year with a loss. Japan's largest electronics maker, Hitachi lost $8 billion in the fiscal year ending March 31, with consolidated revenues down 11 percent from last year. It was the largest loss ever recorded by a Japanese manufacturer, according to Shinko Research Institute.电子设备制造商日立和NEC（Nippon Electronic Company，日本电气电子公司）和日产汽车制造商都以亏损终结了这个财政年度。至2009年3月31日为止，日本最大的电子设备制造商日立在这个财政年度亏损额达到80亿美元，总收益比上个财政年度降低了11个百分点。根据新光综合研究所的数据，这是日本制造商历史上最大的亏损。NEC Corporation lost $3 billion in the past fiscal year, down nearly 11.5 percent from last year. Meanwhile, Nissan lost $2.3 billion for the year.NEC公司在上个财政年度亏损了30亿美元，比上一年下降了11.5个百分点，日产汽车亏损了23亿美元。Declines in the automobile, semiconductor and industrial equipment industries especially hurt Hitachi, as well as write-downs of securities due to the sharp declines in global stock exchanges. 汽车、半导体和工业器材产业的下景气，特别对日立构成了危害，由于全球股票交易市场的急剧下滑，有价证券账面价值缩水也是亏损的原因之一。Hitachi said it will cut unprofitable business lines, reduce staff and eliminate factories in Japan and overseas, but gave no specifics.日立方面称将会减少不赢利的业务种类，在日本和海外进行裁员和关闭工厂，但没有给出具体的细节。Japanese firms have been hit hard by the credit crisis, which has driven up the value of the yen -- driving up the export cost of products to markets like the US, where consumers are spending less on durable goods such as automobiles and electronic products. 日本公司一直受到信贷危机的打击，日元的价值被不断抬高——使得其产品出口的成本被加大，而日本的出口市场，例如美国，其消费者在耐用品（如汽车和电器）的花费上正在减少。来源：  http://www.yeeyan.com/articles/view/67003/40819

2. 企业财务风险管理摘要 求翻译成英文！！！

With the modern enterprise management system of continuous development, financial management in the business management activity important position clearly highlighted, financial management is the core of enterprise management, the financial risk as a signal, can be fully integrated to reflect the operating condition. Therefore, financial risk management has already become the daily management of the business enterprise is a very important task.

Enterprise financial risk is an objective fact, exist in enterprise production and management of all aspects, the financial risk can comprehensively reflect the operation of enterprises, enterprises should strengthen financial management, conduct regular financial analysis, establish risk early warning system of enterprise financial risk, a reasonable forecast, and scientific financial decision making, through the risk avoidance and risk control method, in a certain extent, effective prevention of financial risks, the risk of enterprises because of the losses to a minimum, safeguard the interests of enterprises. This paper introduces the meaning of corporate financial risk and the causes, this paper establishes the warning system of enterprise financial risk importance, and discusses how to establish the effective risk management mechanism, perfect the management organization of the risk, to help enterprises to guard against financial risks.

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3. 跪求一篇中小企业财务危机相关内容的 外文翻译 速度！！过几天就要交论文了！！谢谢大家啊啊啊啊

中小企业财务风险分析与防范的英文翻译

2  国内研究现状
2.1财务风险的含义
叶华在《中小企业财务风险评价与控制研究》中指出财务风险是企业丧失偿债能力的可能性和股东收益的不确定性, 它是由于企业资金困难, 采取不同的筹资方式而带来的风险。
从分析财务风险入手，阐述其含义、特征以及种类等内容；在此基础上对财务风险产生的原因进行深入细致的分析研究，分析总结出财务风险产生的内因和外因诸方面；从而提出树立风险意识，建立有效的风险防范机制；建立和完善财务管理系统，以适应财务管理环境变化；建立财务风险预警机制，加强财务危机管理；提高财务决策的科学化水平，防止因决策失误而产生的财务风险；通过防范内部制度，建立约束机制来控制和防范财务风险五个方面的财务风险防范措施以及自我保险、多元化风险控制、风险转移、风险回避、风险降低五种技术方法。只有控制防范和化解企业财务风险，才能确保企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。 
2.2 财务风险的成因
（一）外部原因
1、国家政策的变化带来的融资风险。一般而言，由于中小企业生产经营不稳定。一国经济或金融政策的变化，都有可能对中小企业生产经营、市场环境和融资形式产生一定的影响。从2007 年开始，我国加大了对宏观经济的调控力度，央行第四次提高存款准备金率，尤其是实行差额准备金制度使直接面向中小企业服务的中小商业银行信贷收紧，中小企业的资金供给首先受阻，融资风险徒增不少，中小企业也因无法得到急需资金而被迫停产或收缩经营规模。2、银行融资渠道不流畅造成的融资风险。企业资金来源无非是自有资金和对外融资两种方式。在各种融资方式中，银行信贷又是重要的资金来源，但是银行在国家金融政策以及自身体制不健全等情况的影响下，普遍对中小企业贷款积极性不高，使其贷款难度加大，增加了企业的财务风险。
（二）内部原因1、盲目扩张投资规模。有相当一部分的中小企业在条件不成熟的情况下，仅凭经验判断片面追求公司外延的扩大，忽略了公司内涵和核心竞争力，造成投资时资金的重大浪费。2、投资决策失误。对企业来说，正确的产业选择是生存发展的战略起点。但一些企业在选择产业过程中，往往忽视了“产业选择是一个动态过程”的观念，不能敏锐地把握产业演变的趋势和方向。3、投资合作伙伴选择不当。企业在做出投资决策时，一定要充分考虑合作伙伴的资质、信誉，并应具备承担相应风险能力。4、诚信不足。中小企业信用不足是一个普遍现象。因此，银行要向中小企业提供贷款或投资人要向中小企业进行投资就不得不加大人力资源的投入以提高信息的收集和质量分析。这一方面加大了银行或投资人的贷款和投资成本。另一方面也给中小企业的融资带来困难。能否融通到资金，能融通到多少资金，中小企业的融资存在很大的不确性。
1 the meaning of financial risk 
Ye at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk. 
Starting from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position. 
2.2 The causes of the financial risks

(A) external causes 
1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk. 
(B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company's content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties.